編輯推薦
·從 “何為公正”的關懷齣發,關注當代復雜問題:同性婚姻、愛國主義、人權等,提供清晰的思考維度。
·書中蘊涵亞裏士多德、康德、密爾、洛剋等哲人的思想精華,被消化成適閤入門者吸收的營養。
·促使讀者對自己的固定思維進行深入反思,在內心的解放之路上,嚮前邁進。
內容簡介
Considering the role of justice in our society and our lives, Michael Sandel reveals how an understanding of philosophy can help to make sense of politics, religion, morality - and our own convictions. Breaking down hotly contested issues, from abortion, euthanasia and same-sex marriage, to patriotism, dissent and affirmative action, Sandel shows how the biggest questions in our civic life can be broken down and illuminated through reasoned debate. Justice promises to take readers - of all ages and political persuasions - on an exhilarating journey to confront today's political and moral controversies in a fresh and enlightening way.
安樂死是否應該得到法律許可?一條命是否不如十條命貴重?代孕閤同是否閤法?
在這個日益物質化的年代,我們的行為選擇總在人性和物質之間搖擺不定。我們的社會正陷入尷尬的兩難選擇當中。我們甚至懷疑法律是否公正,因為法律無法迴避個人的道德判斷,無法做到中立。
這讓習慣瞭傳統道德觀念和固定思維的我們感到不安,但這種不安,卻能讓我們理性精神保持清醒的狀態,促使我們去尋找有關“公正”的“齣路”。 “世界最受歡迎的老師之一”的邁剋爾·桑德爾教授將帶領我們在尋找公正的旅途中,領略思辨的價值和魅力。
作者簡介
Michael Sandel is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Government at the University of Harvard. Sandel's legendary 'Justice' course is one of the most popular and influential at Harvard. In 2007, Harvard made Sandel's course available to alumni around the world through webstreaming and podcasting. Over 5,000 participants signed up, and Harvard Clubs from Mexico to Australia organized local discussion groups in connection with the course. In May 2007, Sandel delivered a series of lectures at major universities in China and he has been a visiting professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Council on Foreign Relations. Sandel is the author of many books and has previously written for the Atlantic Monthly, the New Republic and the New York Times. He was the 2009 BBC Reith Lecturer.
邁剋爾·桑德爾(Michael J. Sandel)(1953-) ,政治哲學傢,哈佛大學教授。他因在《自由主義與正義的局限》(Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,1982)一書中對羅爾斯的正義論(Theory of Justice,1971)所進行的批判而著稱,由此産生並流傳 “社群主義”一語。桑德爾著述頗豐,包括:《民主的不滿》(Democracy's Discontent)和《公共哲學》(Public Philosophy)。
精彩書評
One of the world's most interesting political philosophers Guardian Justice is a lucid and compelling analysis of our current moral dilemmas, which argues for a new commitment to citizenship and the common good Shirley Williams In the beautifully concise explanations of American philosopher Michael Sandel, I see great insight into our current predicaments. If any political reckoning is on its way ... then perhaps it might come from the philosophy department of Harvard Madeleine Bunting Michael Sandel, perhaps the most prominent college professor in America,...practices the best kind of academic populism, managing to simplify John Stuart Mill and John Rawls without being simplistic. But Sandel is best at what he calls bringing 'moral clarity to the alternatives we confront as democratic citizens'... He ends up clarifying a basic political divide - not between left and right, but between those who recognize nothing greater than individual rights and choices, and those who affirm a 'politics of the common good,' rooted in moral beliefs that can't be ignored -- Michael Gerson Washington Post Michael Sandel transforms moral philosophy by putting it at the heart of civic debate...Sandel's insistence on the inescapably ethical character of political debate is enormously refreshing -- Edward Skidelsky New Statesman A spellbinding philosopher... For Michael Sandel, justice is not a spectator sport... He is calling for nothing less than a reinvigoration of citizenship -- Samuel Moyn The Nation An ambitious and an appealing idea. Intriguingly, I find myself persuaded that it might well be worth a try Lisa Jardine, The Times More than exhilarating; exciting in its ability to persuade this student/reader, time and again, that the principle now being invoked-on this page, in this chapter-is the one to deliver the sufficiently inclusive guide to the making of a decent life -- Vivien Gornick Boston Review Sandel explains theories of justice...with clarity and immediacy; the ideas of Aristotle, Jeremy Bentham, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Robert Nozick and John Rawls have rarely, if ever, been set out as accessibly... In terms we can all understand, Justice confronts us with the concepts that lurk, so often unacknowledged, beneath our conflicts -- Jonathan Rauch New York Times This book is absolutely indispensable for anyone who wants to be a good citizen. It shows how to balance competing values, a talent our nation desperately needs nowadays -- Walter Isaacson, Author Of 'benjamin Franklin: An American Life' Sandel dazzles in this sweeping survey of hot topics... Erudite, conversational and deeply humane, this is truly transformative reading Publishers Weekly, starred review Hard cases may make bad laws, but in Michael Sandel's hands they produce some cool philosophy... Justice is a timely plea for us to desist from political bickering and see if we can have a sensible discussion about what sort of society we really want to live in -- Jonathan Ree The Observer A road map for negotiating modern moral dilemmas... For those seeking a short course through moral philosophy from a witty writer, fast on his feet, and nimble with his pen, this thin volume is difficult to beat -- Kevin J. Hamilton Seattle Times There have been various attempts over the decades to bury moral philosophy -- to dismiss convictions about right and wrong as cultural prejudices, or secretions of the brain, or matters so personal they shouldn't even affect our private lives. But moral questions always return, as puzzles and as tragedies. Would we push a hefty man onto a railroad track to save the lives of five others? Should Petty Officer 1st Class Marcus Luttrell, in June of 2005, have executed a group of Afghan goatherds who, having stumbled on his position, might inform the enemy about his unit? (Luttrell let them go, the Taliban attacked, and three of his comrades died.) These examples and others -- price-gouging after Hurricane Katrina, affirmative action, gay marriage -- are all grist for the teaching of Michael Sandel, perhaps the most prominent college professor in America. His popular class at Harvard -- Moral Reasoning 22: Justice -- attracts about a sixth of all undergraduates. For those lacking $49,000 a year in tuition and board, he has written Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? which has been further translated into a PBS series and a Web site, JusticeHarvard.org -- Michael Gerson Wall Street Journal
前言/序言
深入探索人類道德睏境與社會正義的基石 《道德的疆界:構建一個公正社會的哲學探尋》 在人類文明的長河中,關於“什麼是對的,什麼是錯的”的爭論從未停止。我們如何定義正義?權利與義務的界限在哪裏?在麵對日益復雜的社會結構和技術進步時,我們賴以生存的道德準則是否依然適用? 本書並非對既有理論的簡單羅列,而是一次對當代倫理學、政治哲學及社會實踐的深度剖析與重構。它帶領讀者穿越哲學的迷宮,從古老的亞裏士多德式德性倫理,到康德的絕對命令,再到功利主義的後果衡量,全麵審視那些驅動人類社會運行的核心價值觀。 第一部分:道德的起源與個體的抉擇 我們從最基礎的層麵開始——個體道德的形成。本書深入探討瞭人類心智如何形成道德判斷。我們不僅僅關注結果,更著眼於動機。 1. 情感、理性與直覺的交織: 現代神經科學和心理學為我們揭示瞭道德決策中的“熱”路徑和“冷”路徑。書中詳細分析瞭道德直覺(如厭惡感、同情心)在快速決策中的作用,並將其與需要深思熟慮的理性推理進行對比。我們如何區分直覺性的道德反應和經過深思熟慮的倫理立場? 2. 自由意誌與責任的悖論: 如果我們的行為在很大程度上受製於遺傳、環境和潛意識的驅動,那麼“自由選擇”的道德基礎何在?本書嚴謹地探討瞭決定論與非決定論視角下,個體承擔道德責任的條件。我們必須界定,在何種程度上我們可以要求一個人為其行為負責,以及社會應如何應對那些“彆無選擇”的邊緣行為。 3. 契約論的現代重構: 從霍布斯到盧梭,再到羅爾斯,社會契約論一直是構建政治倫理的基石。本書特彆關注現代社會中“隱含契約”的有效性。在一個高度異質化、文化多元的社會中,我們如何達成一個所有理性個體都能接受的、關於權利與義務的初始協議?我們探討瞭“無知之幕”在當代全球化背景下的局限性與適用性,並提齣新的共識構建模型。 第二部分:分配的藝術與社會正義的挑戰 正義不僅是個人的行為規範,更是社會結構的設計藍圖。第二部分聚焦於資源、機會和權利在群體間的閤理分配問題,這是現代政治哲學的核心戰場。 4. 效率與公平的永恒拉鋸: 經濟學中的帕纍托最優與倫理學中的公平原則之間存在著天然的張力。本書通過一係列經典的經濟博弈模型和倫理睏境案例,探討瞭如何在不完全犧牲效率的前提下,最大化地實現社會福祉的公平分配。我們審視瞭“蛋糕如何切分”的哲學含義,並質疑瞭“蛋糕做大”是否是解決所有分配衝突的萬能鑰匙。 5. 論述平等的維度: 簡單的“結果平等”往往與個人努力和貢獻相悖;而徹底的“機會平等”又常常忽略瞭起點的不公。本書細緻地辨析瞭各種形式的平等:機會平等、結果平等、承認平等(Recognition Equality)以及能力平等(Capability Approach)。我們重點分析瞭阿馬蒂亞·森的“能力進路”,認為衡量社會福祉的關鍵在於個體“能夠做什麼”和“能夠成為什麼”,而非簡單地擁有多少物質資源。 6. 補償性正義與曆史的重負: 麵對曆史遺留的不公,如奴隸製、殖民主義或係統性歧視,當代社會應承擔何種補償義務?本書深入分析瞭“代際正義”的概念。我們是否對我們未曾親曆的錯誤負有道德責任?以及,補償的範圍——是僅僅針對受害者個體,還是應擴展到整個群體或地區?我們必須審視補償的界限,避免陷入無休止的曆史追責循環,同時確保對曆史創傷的嚴肅對待。 第三部分:全球化時代的倫理擴張 隨著世界聯係日益緊密,我們的道德關懷範圍必須超越民族國傢的界限。本書的第三部分將目光投嚮全球治理與跨文化倫理的復雜性。 7. 民族主義的道德限度: 盡管民族國傢是現代政治的基礎,但純粹的民族主義倫理常常導緻對他者的排斥和不公。本書探討瞭“我們”的邊界如何界定。在全球資源分配、氣候變化責任以及人道主義乾預等問題上,公民義務如何延伸至非公民個體?我們提齣瞭一個基於“相互依賴性”的全球公民責任模型。 8. 科技倫理與人類的未來: 人工智能、基因編輯和大數據監控正在以前所未有的速度重塑社會結構和個體身份。本書探討瞭這些尖端技術對傳統倫理框架的衝擊。例如,當算法決策取代瞭人類判斷時,責任主體是誰?我們如何確保技術進步不會固化現有的社會不平等,反而成為新的壓迫工具?我們必須在創新與謹慎之間,建立起一道堅固的倫理防綫。 9. 正義的跨文化對話: 不同的文化和信仰體係對“好生活”的定義截然不同。本書呼籲一種“對話式正義”,即在堅持普遍人權底綫的基礎上,尊重並理解不同社群的內在價值體係。我們不能以一種文化範式強行裁決另一種文化的實踐,而是需要在相互理解和尊重的前提下,尋找普適的倫理交集。 結語:在不確定中尋求卓越 《道德的疆界》承認,完美的正義或許是一個永遠無法完全達到的理想狀態。然而,哲學的真正價值不在於提供一個終極答案,而在於提供一個清晰、嚴謹的思考工具,使我們能夠更好地識彆不義、批判不公,並更有智慧地指導我們在充滿張力的現實世界中,不斷嚮著“應然”的境地靠近。 本書旨在激發每一位讀者超越日常的慣性思維,深入挖掘自己道德判斷背後的假設,從而為構建一個更加審慎、更具人文關懷的社會貢獻一份清醒的力量。它不是一本提供慰藉的讀物,而是一次對心智與良知的嚴峻挑戰。