「格林法則」發音位置│唇齒音:﹝i﹞、﹝j﹞ ﹝i﹞、﹝j﹞的發音相似於注音符號的:ㄈ。 ﹝j﹞對應﹝i﹞│love - phil 兩者並無字源關係,但皆錶示愛。可將「phil」倒過來拼字,形成「liph」的組閤,和「love」相對照,藉由﹝v﹞和﹝ph﹞互換,母音通轉等概念能簡單記憶「phil」的意思。 ﹝i﹞對應﹝j﹞│different - var 兩者雖無字源關係,但字根「var」即錶示改變、不同,透過子音﹝f﹞和﹝v﹞互換,母音通轉,用「different」來記憶「var」的意思。
Part 2 單字與字根對應 Chapter 1 雙唇音、唇齒音轉換 Section 1 ﹝d﹞對應﹝e﹞ purse - burs polemic - bell pale - blac lip - lab slip - lubric
Section 2 ﹝i﹞對應﹝e﹞ furnace - bust / bur fine - bene
Section 3 ﹝j﹞對應﹝e﹞ fever - febr have - hab deliver - liber move - mobil prove - prob
Section 4 ﹝e﹞對應﹝d﹞ bear - par burglar - plagiary bear - port
Section 5 ﹝i﹞對應﹝d﹞ flat - plat father - pater foot - ped nephew - nepot fish - pisc fee - pecu fire - pyr fear - peri first - proto first - prim feel - path food / feed - pan few - pauci / paup flow - pluv foul - putre feel - palp fold - ply ford - port full - ple feather - pet fasten - pact fight - pugn office - oper / opus
Section 6 ﹝j﹞對應﹝d﹞ savor - sap seven - sept
Section 7 ﹝e﹞對應﹝m﹞ black - melan bad - mal big - mag
Section 8 ﹝i﹞對應﹝m﹞ form - morph
Section 9 ﹝e﹞對應﹝i﹞ brain - fren / phren break - frag / fract bear - fer / pher blow - flat black - flam bottom - fund blossom - flor brew - ferv bound - fin brother - frater bore - for basket - fisc barrow - fort
Section 16 ﹝i﹞對應﹝j﹞ folk - vulg different - var brief - brev lift - lev
Chapter 2 雙唇音、唇齒音轉換 Section 1 ﹝r﹞對應﹝j﹞ wall - vall will - vol worm - verm wine - vin wagon - veh waste - vast wish - vener (for) ward - vers wag - vibro weave - veil word - verb wade - vad wake - vig / veg way - via / voy wander - vag wind - vicar wound - vulner wear - vest wit - vid / vis new - nov
Section 2 字母「w」對應字母「u」 water - und sweet - suad one -uni
Chapter 3 齒間音、齒齦音、齒齦後音、硬顎音轉換 Section 1 ﹝f﹞對應﹝g﹞ two - di two - duo two- de two - dis / di ten - deca teeth - dent / dont tame - dom talk - dic tow - duc tree - dur timid - dino teach - doc tear - derm root - rad rat - rod cut - cide eat - ed great - grand sit - sed two - dia
Section 2 ﹝Z﹞對應﹝g﹞ faith - fid
Section 3 ﹝g﹞對應﹝f﹞ end - ante end - anti under - intra mind - ment draw - tract murder-mort
Section 4 ﹝p﹞對應﹝f﹞ roll - rot
Section 5 ﹝k﹞對應﹝f﹞ plus - plut measure - meter
Section 6 ﹝Z﹞對應﹝f﹞ thin - ten three - tri / ter thumb - tum thrust - trud thunder - ton thwart - tort through - trans thatch - tect throw - trit / trib thirst - terr neither - neutr myth - myst
Section 6 ﹝v﹞對應﹝o﹞ garden - horti guest - host / hosp get - prehend grass - herb
Section 7 ﹝h﹞對應﹝gY﹞ carry - ger knee - genu cold - gel kind - gen queen - gyn
Section 8 ﹝s﹞對應﹝gY﹞ young - juven / jun yoke - jug
Chapter 5 子音對應相同 Section 1 ﹝e﹞對應﹝e﹞ beautiful - bell book - biblio beat - bat bind - band
Section 2 ﹝d﹞對應﹝d﹞ people - popul pig - porc / pork push - pel please - plac paint - pict pray - prec power - potent peace - pac price - prec pure - purg punish - pen appear - par prey - preda
Section 3 ﹝m﹞對應﹝m﹞ man - mas market - merc mix - misc move - mot machine - mechan mind - mania mold - mod remember - memor small - min small - micro many - multi month / moon - men mouse - myo mid - meso miss - mut
Section 4 ﹝i﹞對應﹝i﹞ flow - flu fiber - fibr face - fic fight - flict free - franc freeze - frig fire - flam flee - fug fear - phob
Section 5 ﹝j﹞對應﹝j﹞ void - vac / van vital - viv
Section 6 ﹝g﹞對應﹝g﹞ down - de day - di direct - dress order - ordin
Section 7 ﹝f﹞對應﹝f﹞ time - tempo turn - turb intestine - entero turn - tour turn - trop
Section 8 ﹝n﹞對應﹝n﹞ no - ne / neg no - nihil no - null name - nomin name - onym number - numer nose - nas naked - nud night - noct nine - non nine - novem nine - ennea nurture - nutria
Section 9 ﹝p﹞對應﹝p﹞ light - lumen light - luc leaf - libr loose - lax loose - lys lean - climo length - long language - lingu line - lin limit - limin letter - liter island - insul league - lig lean - clin mutaion - migr old - al / ul
Section 10 ﹝v﹞對應﹝v﹞ gorge - gurg
Section 11 ﹝h﹞對應﹝h﹞ cause - cus cross - cruc clear - clar call - claim cook - coct care - cur citizen - civi color - chromo common - commun quarrel - quer calm - qui
Section 12 ﹝o﹞對應﹝o﹞ whole - holo heir - her human - homo
Section 13 ﹝gY﹞對應﹝gY﹞ jet - jac / ject joy - jubil join - junct extra - ultra eight - octo
Section 14 ﹝q﹞對應﹝q﹞ ray - radi raw - rud rule - reg right - rect rough - rug rip - rupt river - rrhea reason - rat red - rub ear - aur order - orn air - aer arise - ori
Section 15 ﹝k﹞對應﹝k﹞ sue -sequ same - simil stand - sist sopor - somn suck - succ seed - semin serum - sero / seri sound - son six - sex sun - sol salt - sal self - sui spy - spec sister - soror sound - san stiff - stereo star - aster strain - strict spars - spers
Chapter 6 ﹝o﹞變化 Section 1 ﹝k﹞對應﹝o﹞(拉丁語、英語字母「s」,對應希臘語字母「h」) six - hexa sun - helio seek - hegemon sleep - hypno sweet - hedon serpent - herp salt - hal sit - hedron seven - hepta same - homo super - hyper sacred - hagio sew - hymen same + other - hetero
Section 2有﹝o﹞對應沒﹝o﹞ haughty - alt
Part 3 字根與字根對應 Chapter 1 雙唇音、唇齒音轉換 Section 1 ﹝d﹞對應﹝e﹞ pot - bib nup - nub
Section 2 ﹝m﹞對應﹝d﹞ crim - culp
Section 3 ﹝e﹞對應﹝i﹞ ambi - amphi
Section 4 ﹝d﹞對應﹝i﹞ opt - ophthalm
Section 5 ﹝i﹞對應﹝j﹞ phag - vor
Section 6 ﹝d﹞對應﹝j﹞ rap - rav
Chapter 2 雙唇音、唇齒音轉換 Section 1 字母「u」對應字母「v」 au - av lau - lav nau - nav neur - nerv solu - solv volu - volv
Chapter 7 因接黏字根而變形 Section 1 同化作用(assimilation) com - cog / col / con / cor / co en - em syn - sym / syl / sy ex - ef / ec / es / e in - im / il- / ir / ig sub - suc / suf / sug / sum / sup / sur / sus ad - ac / af / ag / all / an / ap / ar / as / at ob - oc / of / op / o dis - dif / di
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猶記十多年前,我在颱灣師範大學英語係上大三必修課──「英語語言史」,初次邂逅格林法則,內心甚是激盪。李櫻教授講述英語史,旁徵博引,從語言歷史和語用觀點解釋國內文法教學的諸多盲點,全班同學聽得如癡如醉。課程教科書是經典書籍──Albert C Baugh, Thomas Cable寫的《A History of the English Language》,書中提到希臘字根、拉丁字根和英語字根存在巧妙的語音對應現象。李櫻老師解釋說,格林法則是格林童話兩位作者中的哥哥—Jacob Grimm(雅各布?格林)觀察日耳曼語和其他印歐語,所提齣來的係統性語音對應現象。教授又給我們幾十題練習題,完成後真是意猶未盡。爾後拜讀莫建清教授的大作──《從語音的觀點談英語詞彙教與學》,看到許多係統性的語音對應例子,從此沉浸於語音對應的研究中,樂此不疲。