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內容簡介

This book addresses problems in financial mathematics of pricing and hedging derivative securities in an environment of uncertain and changing market volatility. These problems are important to investors ranging from large trading institutions to pension funds. The authors present mathematical and statistical tools that exploit the "bursty" nature of market volatility. The mathematics is introduced through examples and illustrated with simulations, and the approach described is validated and tested on market data.
The material is suitable for a one-semester course for graduate students who have been exposed to methods of stochastic modeling and arbitrage pricing theory in finance. It is easily accessible to derivatives practitioners in the inancial engineering industry.

內頁插圖

目錄

Introduction
1 The Black-Scholes Theory of Derivative Pricing
1.1 Market Model
1.1.1 Brownian Motion
1.1.2 Stochastic Integrals
1.1.3 Risky Asset Price Model
1.1.4 Itos Formula
1.1.5 Lognormal Risky Asset Price
1.2 Derivative Contracts
1.2.1 European Call and Put Options
1.2.2 American Options
1.2.3 Other Exotic Options
1.3 Replicating Strategies
1.3.1 Replicating Self-Financing Portfolios
1.3.2 The Black-Scholes Partial Differential Equation
1.3.3 Pricing to Hedge
1.3.4 The Black-Scholes Formula
1.4 Risk-Neutral Pricing
1.4.1 Equivalent Martingale Measure
1.4.2 Self-Financing Portfolios
1.4.3 Risk-Neutral Valuation
1.4.4 Using the Markov Property
1.5 Risk-Neutral Expectations and Partial Differential Equations
1.5.1 Infinitesimal Generators and Associated Martingales
1.5.2 Conditional Expectations and Parabolic Partial Differential Equations
1.5.3 Application to the Black-Scholes Partial Differential Equation
1.5.4 American Options and Free Boundary Problems
1.5.5 Path-Dependent Derivatives
1.6 Complete Market

2 Introduction to Stochastic Volatility Models
2.1 Implied Volatility and the Smile Curve
2.1.1 Interpretation of the Smile Curve
2.1.2 What Data to Use
2.2 Implied Deterministic Volatility
2.2.1 Time-Dependent Volatility
2.2.2 Level-Dependent Volatility
2.2.3 Short-Time Tight Fit versus Long-Time Rough Fit
2.3 Stochastic Volatility Models
2.3.1 Mean-Reverting Stochastic Volatility Models
2.3.2 Stock-Price Distribution under Stochastic Volatility
2.4 Derivative Pricing
2.5 Pricing with Equivalent Martingale Measures
2.6 Implied Volatility as a Function of Moneyness
2.7 Market Price of Volatility Risk and Data
2.8 Special Case： Uncorrelated Volatility
2.8.1 Hull-White Formula
2.8.2 Stochastic Volatility Implies Smile
2.8.3 Remark on Correlated Volatility
2.9 Summary and Conclusions

3 Scales in Mean-Reverting Stochastic Volatility
3.1 Scaling in Simple Models
3.2 Models of Clustering
3.2.1 Example： Markov Chain
3.2.2 Example： Another Jump Process
3.2.3 Example： Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process
3.2.4 Summary
3.3 Convergence to Black-Scholes under Fast Mean-Reverting Volatility
3.4 Scales in the Returns Process
3.4.1 The Returns Process
3.4.2 Returns Process with Jump Volatility
3.4.3 Returns Process with OU Volatility
3.4.4 S&P; 500 Returns Process

4 Tools for Estimating the Rate of Mean Reversion
4.1 Model and Data
4.1.1 Mean-Reverting Stochastic Volatility
4.1.2 Discrete Data
4.2 Variogram Analysis
4.2.1 Computation of the Variogram
4.2.2 Comparison and Sensitivity Analysis with Simulated Data
4.2.3 The Day Effect
4.3 Spectral Analysis

5 Asymptotics for Pricing European Derivatives
5.1 Preliminaries
5.1.l The Rescaled Stochastic Volatility Model
5.1.2 The Rescaled Pricing Equation
5.1.3 The Operator Notation
5.2 The Formal Expansion
5.2.1 The Diverging Terms
5.2.2 Poisson Equations
5.2.3 The Zero-Order Term
5.2.4 The First Correction
5.2.5 Universal Market Group Parameters
5.2.6 Probabilistic Interpretation of the Source Term
5.2.7 Put-Call Parity
5.2.8 The Skew Effect
5.3 Implied Volatilities and Calibration
5.4 Accuracy of the Approximation
5.5 Region of Validity

6 Implementation and Stability
6.1 Step-by-Step Procedure
6.2 Comments about the Method
6.3 Dividends
6.4 The Second Correction

7 Hedging Strategies
7.1 Black-Scholes Delta Hedging
7.1.1 The Strategy and Its Cost
7.1.2 Averaging Effect
7.2 Mean Self-Financing Hedging Strategy
7.3 Staying Close to the Price

8 Application to Exotic Derivatives
8. l European Binary Options
8.2 Barrier Options
8.3 Asian Options

9 Application to American Derivatives
9.1 American Problem under Stochastic Volatility
9.2 Stochastic Volatility Correction for an American Put
9.2.1 Expansions
9.2.2 First Approximation
9.2.3 The Stochastic Volatility Correction
9.2.4 Uncorrelated Volatility
9.2.5 Probabilistic Representation
9.3 Numerical Computation
9.3.1 Solution of the Black-Scholes Problem
9.3.2 Computation of the Correction

10 Generalizations
10.1 Portfolio Optimization under Stochastic Volatility
10.1.1 Constant Volatility Merton Problem
10.1.2 Stochastic Volatility Merton Problem
10.1.3 A Practical Solution
10.2 Periodic Day Effect
10.3 Other Markovian Volatility Models
10.3.1 Markovian Jump Volatility Models
10.3.2 Pricing and Asymptotics
10.4 Martingale Approach
10.4.1 Main Argument
10.4.2 Decomposition Result
10.4.3 Comparison with the PDE Approach
10.5 Non-Markovian Models of Volatility
10.5.1 Setting： An Example
10.5.2 Asymptotics in the Non-Markovian Case
10.6 Multidimensional Models

11 Applications to Interest-Rate Models
11.1 Bond Pricing in the Vasicek Model
11.1.1 Review of the Constant Volatility Vasicek Model
11.1.2 Stochastic Volatility Vasicek Models
11.2 Bond Option Pricing
11.2.1 The Constant Volatility Case
11.2.2 Correction for Stochastic Volatility
11.2.3 Implications
11.3 Asymptotics around the CIR Model
11.4 Illustration from Data
11.4.1 Variogram Analysis
11.4.2 Yield Curve Fitting
Bibliography
Index

精彩書摘

The Black-Scholes model rests upon a number of assumptions that are，to some extent.“counterfactual.”Among these are continuity ofthe stock. price process it does not iump），the ability to hedge continuously without transaction costs，inde-pendent Gaussian returns. and constant volatility.We shall focus here on relaxing the last assumption by allowing volatility to vary randomly，for the following rea-son：a well. known discrepancy between Black-Scholes-predicted European op-tion prices and market-traded options prices，the smile curve，can be accounted for by stochastic volatility models. That iS.this modification of the Black-Scholes theory has a posteriori success in one area where the classical model fails.In fact.modeling volatility as a stochastic process iS motivated a priori by em-pirical studies of stock.price returns in which estimated volatility iS observed to exhibit“random”characteristics.Additionally，the effects of transaction costs show up. under many models，as uncertainty in the volatility；fat-tailed returns distributions can be simulated by stochastic volatility；and market‘jump”phe-nomena are often best modeled as volatility iump processes.Stochastic volatility modeling therefore iS not iust a simple fix to one particular Biacl（Scholes as-sumption but rather a powerful modification that describes a much more complex market.We cite literature that explores possible causes of stochastic volatility in the notes at the end Of this chapter. In Chapter 1，we introduced the notation and tools for pricing and hedging deriv-ative securities ander a constant volatility lognormal model（1.2）.This iS the sim-plest example of pricing in a complete market.However，pricing in a market with stochastic volatility is an incomplete markets problem.a distinction that（as we shall explain）has far-reaching consequences-particularly for the hedging prob-lem and the problem of parameter estimation. It iS the latter inverse problem that iS the biggest mathematical and practical challenge introduced by such models，and also perhaps the one that benefits most from the asymptotic methods of Chapter 5.

前言/序言

隨機波動金融市場衍生品 [Derivatives in Financial Markets with Stochasic Volatility] 下載 mobi epub pdf txt 電子書

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1.5.5 Path-Dependent Derivatives

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1.4.3 Risk-Neutral Valuation

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1.6 Complete Market

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1.3.4 The Black-Scholes Formula

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1.4.3 Risk-Neutral Valuation

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1.3.3 Pricing to Hedge

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1.4.3 Risk-Neutral Valuation

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1.3 Replicating Strategies

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