內容簡介
In the nine years since this book was first written, rapid progress has been made scientifically in nuclear fusion, space physics, and nonlinear plasma theory. At the same time, the energy shortage on the one hand and the exploration of Jupiter and Saturn on the other have increased the national awareness of the important applications of plasma physics to energy production and to the understanding of our space environment.
In magnetic confinement fusion, this period has seen the attainment of a Lawson number nTE of 2×1013 cm-3 sec in the A!cator tokamaks at MIT; neutral-beam heating of the PLT tokamak at Princeton to KTi=6.5 keV; increase of average to 3%-5% in tokamaks at Oak Ridge and General Atomic; and the stabilization of mirror-confined plasmas at Livermore, together with injection of ion current to near field-reversal conditions in the 2XIIB device. Invention of the tandem mirror has given magnetic confinement a new and exciting dimension. New ideas have emerged, such as the compact torus, surface-field devices, and the EBT mirror-torus hybrid, and some old ideas, such as the stellarator and the reversed-field pinch, have been revived. Radiofrequency heat-ing has become a new star with its promise of dc current drive. Perhaps most importantly, great progress has been made in the understanding of the MHD behavior of toroidal plasmas: tearing modes, magnetic islands, and disruptions. Concurrently, the problems of reactor design, fusion technology, and fission-fusion hybrids have received serious attention for the first time.
作者簡介
作者:(美國)陳(FrancisF.Chen)
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Dirt Edition
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SINGLE-PARTICLE MOTIONS
3. PLASMAS AS FLUIDS
4. WAVES IN PLASMAS
5. DIFFUSION AND RESISTIVITY
6. EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY
7. KINETIC THEORY
8. NONLINEAR EFFECTS
APPENDICES
Index
Index to Problems
精彩書摘
What makes plasmas particularly difficult to analyze is the fact that the densities fall in an intermediate range. Fluids like water are so dense that the motions of individual molecules do not have to be considered. Collisions dominate, and the simple equations of ordinary fluid dynamics suffice. At the other extreme in very low-density devices like the alternating-gradient synchrotron, only single-particle trajectories need be considered; collective effects are often unimportant. Plasmas behave sometimes like fluids, and sometimes like a collection of individual particles. The first step in learning how to deal with this schizophrenic personality is to understand how single particles behave in electric and magnetic fields. This chapter differs from succeeding ones in that the E and B fields are assumed to be Prescribed and not affected by the charged particles.
前言/序言
In the nine years since this book was first written, rapid progress has been made scientifically in nuclear fusion, space physics, and nonlinear plasma theory. At the same time, the energy shortage on the one hand and the exploration of Jupiter and Saturn on the other have increased the national awareness of the important applications of plasma physics to energy production and to the understanding of our space environment.
In magnetic confinement fusion, this period has seen the attainment of a Lawson number nTE of 2×1013 cm-3 sec in the A!cator tokamaks at MIT; neutral-beam heating of the PLT tokamak at Princeton to KTi=6.5 keV; increase of average to 3%-5% in tokamaks at Oak Ridge and General Atomic; and the stabilization of mirror-confined plasmas at Livermore, together with injection of ion current to near field-reversal conditions in the 2XIIB device. Invention of the tandem mirror has given magnetic confinement a new and exciting dimension. New ideas have emerged, such as the compact torus, surface-field devices, and the EBT mirror-torus hybrid, and some old ideas, such as the stellarator and the reversed-field pinch, have been revived. Radiofrequency heat-ing has become a new star with its promise of dc current drive. Perhaps most importantly, great progress has been made in the understanding of the MHD behavior of toroidal plasmas: tearing modes, magnetic islands, and disruptions. Concurrently, the problems of reactor design,fusion technology, and fission-fusion hybrids have received serious atten-tion for the first time.
Inertial confinement fusion has grown from infancy to a research effort one-fourth as large as magnetic fusion. With the 25-TW Shiva laser at Livermore, 3lear neutrons have been produced in a single pellet implosion, and fuel compressions to one hundred times liquid hydrogen density have been achieved. The nonlinear plasma processes involved in the coupling of laser radiation to matter have received meticulous attention, and the important phenomena of resonance absorption, stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering, and spontaneous magnetic field generation are well on the way to being understood. Particle drivers-electron beams, light-ion beams, and heavy-ion beams——have emerged as potential alternates to lasers, and these have brought their own set of plasma problems.
In space plasma physics, the concept of a magnetosphere has become well developed, as evidenced by the prediction and observation of whistler waves in the Jovian magnetosphere. The structure of the solar corona and its relation to sunspot magnetic fields and solar wind generation have become well understood, and the theoretical description of how the aurora borealis arises appears to be in good shape.
Because of the broadening interest in fusion, Chapter 9 of the first edition has been expanded into a comprehensive text on the physics of fusion and will be published as Volume 2. The material originated from my lecture notes for a graduate course on magnetic fusion but has been simplified by replacing long mathematical calculations with short ones based on a physical picture of what the plasma is doing. It is this task which delayed the completion of the second edition by about three years.
Volume 1, which incorporates the first eight chapters of the first edition, retains its original simplicity but has been corrected and expanded. A number of subtle errors pointed out by students and professors have been rectified. In response to their requests, the system of units has been changed, reluctantly, to inks (Sl). To physicists of my own generation, my apologies; but take comfort in the thought that the first edition has become a collector's item.
The dielectric tensor for cold plasmas has now been included; it was placed in Appendix B to avoid complicating an already long and difficult chapter for the beginner, but it is there for ready reference.The chapter on kinetic theory has been expanded to indude ion Landau damping of acoustic waves, the plasma dispersion function, and Bern-stein waves. The chapter on nonlinear effects now incorporates a treat-ment of solitons via the Korteweg-deVries and nonlinear Schrodinger equations. This section contains more detail than the rest of Volume 1,but purposely so, to whet the appetite of the advanced student. Helpful hints from G. Morales and K. Nishikawa are hereby acknowledged.
For the benefit of teachers, new problems from a decade of exams have been added, and the solutions to the old problems are given. A sample three-hour final exam for undergraduates will be found in Appendix C. The problem answers have been checked by David Brower;any errors are his, not mine.
Finally, in regard to my cryptic dedication, I have good news and bad news. The bad news is that the poet (my father) has moved on to the land of eternal song. The good news is that the eternal scholar (my mother) has finally achieved her goal, a Ph.D. at 72. The educational process is unending.
Francis F. Chen
Los Angeles, 1983
好的,這是一本名為《先進材料科學導論:結構、性能與應用》的圖書簡介,旨在深入探討現代材料科學的核心概念及其在工程領域的實際應用。 圖書名稱: 《先進材料科學導論:結構、性能與應用》 作者: [請在此處填寫作者姓名] 版次: 第1版 頁數: 約 750 頁 裝幀: 精裝/平裝 內容簡介 本書旨在為材料科學、化學工程、機械工程及相關學科的高年級本科生和研究生提供一個全麵而深入的材料科學基礎。它不僅僅是對傳統材料學知識的復述,更著重於將微觀結構與宏觀性能之間的內在聯係,以及如何利用先進的閤成、錶徵和設計方法來開發滿足特定工程需求的下一代材料。 全書結構嚴謹,內容涵蓋瞭從材料的基本分類到前沿研究領域的廣泛主題,以清晰的邏輯和豐富的實例貫穿始終。 第一部分:材料科學基礎與結構 本部分首先建立起材料科學的核心框架。我們從原子尺度上的鍵閤類型(離子鍵、共價鍵、金屬鍵和範德華力)開始,詳細討論這些基本相互作用如何決定材料的晶體結構和缺陷類型。 晶體結構與衍射: 深入探討布拉格定律在X射綫衍射(XRD)中的應用,用以確定材料的晶格參數和相組成。著重分析體心立方(BCC)、麵心立方(FCC)和密堆積結構(HCP)的幾何特徵及其對機械性能的影響。缺陷理論被置於核心地位,包括點缺陷(空位、間隙原子)、綫缺陷(位錯)和麵缺陷(晶界)的形成機製及其對材料塑性和強度的決定性作用。 電子結構與能帶理論: 材料的電學、光學和磁學特性根植於其電子結構。本章係統地介紹瞭固體能帶理論,解釋瞭導體、半導體和絕緣體之間的本質區彆。通過能帶圖的分析,讀者將理解費米能級、有效質量以及載流子輸運的基本原理。 第二部分:主要材料類彆及其性能調控 在掌握基礎理論後,本書依次深入探討瞭四大類關鍵工程材料——金屬、陶瓷、聚閤物和復閤材料——的特性、製備方法及性能調控策略。 金屬材料與相圖: 重點分析二元和三元閤金係統中的相平衡,特彆是鐵碳閤金(鋼和鑄鐵)的熱力學驅動及其微觀組織演變(如奧氏體、鐵素體、珠光體、馬氏體轉變)。詳細闡述瞭固溶強化、晶粒細化、第二相粒子析齣等強化機製。 陶瓷材料與玻璃: 探討陶瓷材料的離子和共價鍵特性,解釋其高硬度、高熔點和化學惰性的微觀根源。特彆關注氧化物、非氧化物陶瓷(如碳化矽、氮化矽)的製備工藝(如燒結、熱壓)以及如何控製孔隙率以優化其韌性和抗熱震性。玻璃的非晶結構和弛豫行為也得到瞭詳盡討論。 高分子材料: 本章關注聚閤物的分子鏈結構、構象以及鏈間相互作用。詳細介紹瞭玻璃化轉變溫度(Tg)的概念及其對材料粘彈性行為的控製。內容涵蓋瞭熱塑性塑料和熱固性樹脂的結構差異、聚閤反應動力學,以及如何通過共聚、交聯和取嚮來定製材料的機械和阻隔性能。 先進復閤材料: 復閤材料被視為解決單一材料局限性的關鍵。本書聚焦於縴維增強復閤材料(如碳縴維增強環氧樹料)和顆粒增強復閤材料的設計原則。重點分析瞭混閤法則(Rule of Mixtures)及其局限性,以及界麵粘接質量對整體性能的決定性影響。 第三部分:材料錶徵與先進製造技術 為瞭實現對材料性能的精確控製,精確的錶徵手段和創新的製造工藝至關重要。 材料錶徵技術: 係統介紹瞭現代材料科學中常用的結構、化學和性能分析工具。在結構分析方麵,除瞭XRD,還詳述瞭透射電子顯微鏡(TEM)和掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)在微觀形貌和晶體結構分析中的應用,包括能量色散X射綫光譜(EDS)和電子背散射衍射(EBSD)。在性能測試方麵,涵蓋瞭機械測試(拉伸、蠕變、疲勞)、熱分析(DSC/TGA)和電化學分析。 先進製造與材料設計: 討論如何將材料設計融入製造過程。重點介紹增材製造(3D打印)技術(如選擇性激光熔化SLM、熔融沉積成型FDM)對材料微結構和各嚮異性性能的影響。此外,還介紹瞭材料基因組倡議(Materials Genome Initiative)的理念,即利用計算材料學和高通量實驗加速新材料的發現與優化。 第四部分:功能材料與前沿應用 最後一部分將視角投嚮對現代技術至關重要的功能性材料。 半導體與光電子材料: 深入探討摻雜、PN結的形成及其在二極管和晶體管中的應用。重點分析瞭III-V族半導體材料(如GaAs, GaN)在LED和激光器中的關鍵作用。 磁性與能源材料: 討論鐵磁性、抗磁性和超順磁性的微觀機理。介紹軟磁材料和硬磁材料的設計原則。在能源領域,詳細分析瞭鋰離子電池中的電極材料(如正極的層狀氧化物和磷酸鐵鋰)的結構穩定性、離子擴散動力學及其對電池性能的製約。 生物相容性材料: 簡要介紹瞭醫用植入物所需的材料特性,包括生物降解、錶麵潤濕性以及與生物組織的相互作用。 本書特色 本書的顯著特點在於其對“結構-性能-處理-應用”的閉環思維的強調。每章均包含: 1. 案例分析: 選取具有裏程碑意義的工程材料(如鋁鋰閤金、高熵閤金、鈣鈦礦太陽能電池材料)進行深入剖析,展示理論如何轉化為實際應用。 2. 習題與思考題: 章節末尾設置瞭不同難度的習題,旨在鞏固讀者的定量分析能力和對概念的理解。 3. 計算建模入門: 提供瞭使用基礎計算工具(如Tight-binding或DFT的初步概念)來預測材料性質的指導,鼓勵學生從第一性原理角度思考問題。 《先進材料科學導論:結構、性能與應用》不僅是理論學習的可靠參考書,更是激發學生在材料設計與創新領域進行深入探索的強大工具。它緻力於培養下一代工程師和科學傢,使其能夠駕馭日益復雜的材料挑戰,推動技術進步。