語言研究 pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

☆☆☆☆☆

[美] 尤爾 著

齣版社： 外語教學與研究齣版社

ISBN：9787560019536

版次：1

商品編碼：10033748

品牌：外研社

包裝：平裝

叢書名： 當代國外語言學與應用語言學文庫

開本：16開

齣版時間：2000-08-01

用紙：膠版紙

頁數：299

正文語種：中文

內容簡介

　　《語言研究》是一本專為語言學初學者編寫的入門教材。全書共分二十一章。作者以科學、客觀的態度把人類關於語言的研究做瞭一番詳細、全麵的介紹，幾乎涉及語言研究的所有領域。有些領域甚至分得非常細，如構詞法和形態學專闢兩章，語法和句法專闢兩章，語用學和話語分析也分兩章介紹。全書的語言樸實易懂，沒有用新奇的術語唬人。為便於讀者學習，每章還配有許多思考題和習題。
　　該書介紹的語言研究涵蓋傳統語言學（如語言文字學、曆史語言學）和現代西方語言學諸領域。但是作者不以流派分章節，重在介紹現代語言學，兼顧傳統語言學；既注重知識的係統性，又顧及到內容的趣味性。例如，作者在論述語言的屬性之後意猶未盡，又闢一章舉數例說明人和動物之間在交際和學習語言方麵的根本差異：靈長目動物黑猩猩雖然能理解一些極基本的符號，但是它們的交際能力與人類的語言能力不可同日而語。

目錄

王宗炎序
導讀
Preface
Preface to second edition
1 The origins of language
2 The development of writing
3 The properties of language
4 Animals and human language
5 The sounds of language
6 The sound patterns of language
7 Words and word-formation processes
8 Morpology
9 Phrases and sentences:grammar
10 Syntax
11 Semantics
12 Pragmatics
13 Discourse analysis
14 Language and machines
15 Language and the brain
16 First language acquisition
17 Second language acquisition/learning
18 Sign language
19 Language history and change
20 Language varieties
21 Language,society and culture
Appendix
References
Index
文庫索引

精彩書摘

From this diagram，we can say that "horse is a hyponym of animal" or that ‘ant is a hyponym of insect'.We can also say that two or more terms which share the same superordinate （lugher-up） term are co-hyponyms. So，horse and dog are co-hyponyms， and the superordinate term is animal.
The relation of hyponymy captures the idea of'is a kind of'， as when you give the meaning of a word by saying "an asp is a kind of snake".lt is often the case that the only thing some people know about the meaning of a word in their language is that it is a hyponym of another term. That is， you may know notlung more about the meaning of asp other than that it is a kind of snake.
It is worth emphasizing that.it is not only words for‘things' that are hyponyms. Terms for actions， such as cut， punch， shoot and stab， can all be found as co-hyponyms of the superordinate term injure.
Prototypes
While the words canary， dove， duck， flamingo， parrot， pelican， robin， swal-low and thrush are all equally co-hyponyms of the superordinate bird， they are not all considered to be equally good exemplars of the category ‘bird'.For'many American English speakers， the best exemplar， or the prototype， of‘bird' is the robin.The concept of a prototype helps explain the mearung of certain words， like bird， not in terms of component features （e.g.‘has feathers'，‘has wings'）， but in terms of resemblance to the clearest exemplar. Thus， even native speakers of English nught wonder if ostrich and penguin should be hyponyms of bird （technically， they are）， but have no trouble deciding about sparrow or prgeon.The last two are much closer to the proto-type.
Given the category label furniture， we are quicker to recognize chair as an exemplar than bench or stool. Given clothing， people recognize shirts quicker than shoes，and given vegetable，they accept carrot before potato or tomato.lt is obvious that there is some general pattern to the categorization process involved in prototypes and that it determines our interpretation of word meaning. However， this is one area where individual experience results in variation in interpretation， as when people disagree about whether tomato is a fruit or a vegetable.
Homophony， homonymy and polysemy
There are three other， less well-known terms which are often used to describe relationships among words in a language. The first of these is homophony. When two or more different （written） forms have the same pronunciation，they are described as homophones. Some examples are bare - bear， meat-meet， ftour flower，pail-pale， sew-so.
The term homonymy is used when one form （written and spoken） has two or more unrelated meanings. Examples of homonyms are the pairs bank （of a river） - bank （financialinstitution）， bat （flying creature） - bat （used in sports）， race （contest of speed） - race （ethnic group）， pupll （at school）-pupil （in the eye） and mole （on skin） - mole （small animaI）.The temptation is to think that the two types of bank must be related in meaning.They are not. Homonyms are words which have quite separate meanings， but which have accidentally come to have exactly the same form.
Relatedness of meaning accompanying identical form is technically known as polysemy， which can be defined as one form （written or spoken）having multiple meanings which are all related by extension. Examples are the word head，used to refer to the object on top of your body， on top of a glass of beer， on top of a company or department; or foot （of person， of bed， of mountain），or run （person does，water does，colors do）.
The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is not always clear cut. However，one indication of the distinction can be found in the typical dictio-nary entry for words. If a word has multiple meanings （polysenuc）， then there will be a single entry，with a numbered list of the different meanings of the word.lf two words are treated as homonyms，they will typically have two separate entries.You could check in your dictionary and probably find that the different meanings of words like head， get， run， face and foot are treated as examples of polysemy， whereas mail， bank， sole and mole are treated as examples of homonymy.
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评分☆☆☆☆☆

Yule的經典教材。語言學入門者可以讀一讀。作者的講解深入淺齣。很好的。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

書是用塑料紙包著的，新的，裏麵紙張也好，印刷也好，總體不錯吧，就是貴啊

评分☆☆☆☆☆

非常的給力~~書的內同也很好

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最近對語言學感興趣 買瞭一些學習

评分☆☆☆☆☆

專業知識是很詳細的，不過怎麼說呢

评分☆☆☆☆☆

非常的給力~~書的內同也很好

评分☆☆☆☆☆

　　茨威格的遺作是為濛田立傳。他當時生活境遇非常不好，同時還有其他寫作計劃，但他迫切希望完成這本極薄的小冊子。他說年輕時，隻是覺得濛田好，卻不知道濛田哪裏好。知道濛田在大力搖撼人心人性中的種種枷鎖，但他卻以為那些枷鎖早已被打碎。當時的茨威格，隻是把濛田為爭取心靈自由所作的鬥爭當做一種曆史上的鬥爭來加以尊重和崇敬，他根本沒有意識到，那些枷鎖當時正在被命運重新打造著，而且是比以往任何時候更冷酷無情和殘忍野蠻。經曆瞭二戰，中年的茨威格纔真正認識濛田，將他當做並肩作戰的兄弟，他明白，要義不在於打碎枷鎖與反抗權威，而在於不斷地打碎、持續地反抗，不是一掙一紮，而是堅決地、永不妥協地保持住自我。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

還沒具體看，暫時還沒發現不足

评分☆☆☆☆☆

其實應該感謝柴靜的記性不好，於是她會隨時隨地地記，一句話、一個人、一本書、一個想法、一個手勢、一個眼神、一個瞬間，邊邊角角，密密麻麻，她用書寫完成自己十年的備忘與紀錄。但仔細想來，這二十多萬字的記述，不過是她生活的沉澱，就像發布會上柴靜所說，我們要創造自己的生活，並在其中安頓自己，真正的生活纔是她的大事，真正完成自我，纔算值得這一場的生命過往。於是，她一路觀察自己、琢磨自己、評論自己、研究自己，她分享這些，是希望每個人能在自己身上履踐這些，而不是關注她本人。